【案情简介】
原告与被告系亲属关系，2005年7月份，原告所在的村实施“旧村拆迁”改造，依照村里规定，拆迁原有旧房的，除按面积予以贷币补偿外，另根据居住户口人数，每人享有五十平米的优惠价购买新建房屋面积指权的权利。原告家有五人，应享有二百二十五平米的优惠价面积，原告预购一套楼房，还有剩余指标，被告因女儿要结婚，需要房屋，便向原告提出要求，让原告将剩余的优惠价购房面积借给被告，等被告家拆迁时再还回来，指标借用后，被告家在2007年住上了优惠价楼房。2009年时，被告家的房屋列入拆迁范围，原告与被告系同村村民，拆迁政策与当初的一样，原告的儿子要结婚，便要求被告将优惠价面积还回来，被告表示答应并将指标还给原告，原告向开发公司一次性交清了房款，2012年房屋交付时，被告反悔，以自己购房为由，向开发商提出要求将楼房交给被告，原告得知情况后，提起诉讼。
【争议焦点】
被告认为原告交房款属于借用资金，同时认为原告无资格购房；原告则认为被告当初借用购房面积指标，应当还回来，原告交付房款的行为足以证明被告还指标的事实，被告反悔的行为侵犯了原告的合法权益。
被告还认为：原告不具有购买诉争房产的资格，诉争房屋属于农村房屋拆迁安置房，属于保障性用住房，只有属于该危改项目的拆迁村民才能享有以优惠价格购买该房产的资格。依据《城市房屋管理法》未依法登记领取权属证书的房屋不得转让，双方签署《转购协议》时被告并未取得房屋产权，转让行为违反法律强制性规定，属于无效。
本案引发的主要问题是：购房指标是否具有人身性、是否可以转让，双方之间的口头协议属单纯的指标转让？还是实质的房屋买卖？指标借用合同继续履行是否存在障碍（即过户条件是否具备和能否过户？）
【法理分析】
原、被告双方之间达成借用指标的口头协议，原告交纳购房款，被告辩解的理由缺乏法律依据。双方之间的借用协议其实针对的是一项优惠价购买楼房的权利，是双方的真实意思表示，不违反法律强制性规定，合法有效，原告已经按约定履行了相应义务，被告也应当按约定履行相应义务。被告反悔并拒绝过户的行为，侵犯了原告的合法权益，原告起诉要求被告履行协助办理过户手续的义务，应当得到支持。
【律师观点】
根据本案事实，根据京政办发(2000)20号《关于加快本市绿化隔离地区建设暂行办法》第十二条规定：允许农民将自住房的购买权部分或者全部有偿转让。可以确认原、被告双方之间达成的口头协议是双方真实意思表示，不违反法律法规的强制性规定，应认定合法有效。
双方签署的协议虽针对拆迁回购房指标，但从双方实际履行过程看，原告将房款及其他相关费用交予开发商，借用被告的名字签订房屋买卖合同，且双方就房屋的价款、后续物业等费用的交纳以及房屋过户等事宜均进行了约定，事实上属于房屋买卖行为，原告仅仅是借被告之名而已。
双方行为指向回购房指标，应是对拆迁安置房“购买权”的转让，法律并没有明文禁止此类房屋“购买权”不得转让，法无明文规定禁止即自由。“购房指标”是一种可期待物权，购房指标转让的不是合同的权利和义务，而是对其房屋的可期待物权的转让。原、被告之间的购房资格转让协议有效，双方应按照诚实信用原则履行各自的义务。
本案讼争虽是农村拆迁回迁房屋，虽标注按经济适用住房产权管理，但并非保障性用房，且房屋管理局明确表示此类房屋可以办理过户手续，不受限制。本案合同继续履行不存在障碍。被告虽然提出房屋买卖时没有办理产权证，不得转让，主张该买卖协议无效，这一观点是不成立。最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国合同法》若干问题的解释(二)第十四条明确规定：《合同法》第五十二条第(五)项规定的“强制性规定”，是指效力性强制性规定。而被告主张的恰恰是规范房屋交易中的管理性规定，而非效力性强制规定，故不能作为主张无效的依据。 本案虽系被告拆迁安置房，但属被告超出面积安置的部分，被告已在此前享受了原告的安置政策中应由原告享受的房屋优惠。如被告毁约行为得到法律保护，法律规定的合同交易原则诚实信用形同虚设，也在社会上形成随意反悔、不讲诚信的弊病，对建立诚信社会、法治社会、和谐社会都将产生非常大的负面效应。从维护社会秩序和尊重交易公平的原则出发，如果允许随时推翻既存法律关系，使原本可以合法实际履行的行为被认定为无效，对原告极不公平，有悖合同无效制度的初衷和立法本意，也与稳定社会秩序的法律宗旨不相符。
【漏洞模糊中寻找活的法律】
针对法律没有规定的情况，必须依据立法意图的考量，以确定立法者是有意排斥某项规则还是因为疏忽而未作任何安排，在具体案件裁判活动中，应当遵循合宪性要求，一切司法活动都应当遵循宪法，不能违反宪法的规则和精神，将特定的案件归入相应的原则和规则之内，通过准确适用法律解释、利益衡量和漏洞填补等法律适用技术，保持法律适用的稳定性、发展性和科学性。任何部门法都是置于一个大的基础性法理的基础之上，而不是一种孤立的单独的存在，法的含义是裁判争讼的一套权威依据和指导，用以调整关系、规范行为，关于社会和法律秩序的理念所组成的，由法条原理和概念的界说以及创设法律标准的规律所组成，这种技术的权威性与重要性并不亚于法条本身，依法裁判的“法”至少由法律制度、法律理念和法律方法构成，这是有机统一的体系，任何法律都是在这种体系之内进行的实际适用。
类似本案的情况，现行法律规定不明确，需要以漏洞填补，寻找适用于个案裁判的妥当法律规则，必须遵循法律体系的整个精神和目的。法条有限，世事无穷，从微观角度观察法律，无法为待决案件提供裁判依据，一部法律难以涵盖社会生活的方方面面，难以为所有纷繁复杂的纠纷提供裁判依据。规则本身不完善，从而导致成文法不能为个案提供裁判依据，规则缺失，法律尽管有不完善的情况，但如果能够通过狭义解释等方法而加以完善。“价值判断”是在司法裁判活动中根据一定的价值取向，判断争议所涉及的法律利益，实现法律所追求的公平正义。
【探究价值】
所谓价值就是美好观念或人们追求的事物，法的价值就是法作为一种社会规范的法律所体现的可以满足人需要的功能和属性，任何完整的法律规范都以实现特定的价值为目的，并对法益和行为方式作出评价，在规划事实构成与法律效果的联系中，总是存在着正义、自由、平等、效率、安全等价值判断，以特定的价值作为标准裁判争议的个案，强调法律规范应当追求怎样的目标，要求判断者秉持妥当的价值立场去解诉争利益，在认知困难的疑难案件和道德型疑难案件中。民法确立了公平、平等、诚实信用、保护民事权利、权利不得滥用等原则，根据各项基本原则可以推导出一切具体法律制度，几乎所有的漏洞都能够运用原则来真补，这是兜底性寻法工具，没有超出射程范围，创造性司法活动。民法的基本原则集中反映了法律的公平、正义等价值，有复数解释时可以直接依据基本原则。
这些价值也可能是特定法律领域内公认的基本价值，平等、公平、诚信。根据一定的价值取向判断争议所涉及的法律利益，实现法律所追求的公平正义。价值在哲学了是指客体对主体的其利效用，是指美好观念和人们追求的事物。法的价值是指作为一种社会规范的法律所体现的、可以满足人需要的功能和属性，价值判断就是以某一选定的标准衡量人、事件和状态等，通常指某一特定客体对特定主体有无价值，有什么价值、有多大价值的判断。
法律规范中充满了价值判断，任何完整的法律规范都以实现特定的价值为目的，并对特定的效益和行为方式作出评价，在规范的事实构成与法律效果的联系中，总是存在着立法者诸如正义、自由、平等、效率、安全等价值判断。要求判断者秉持妥当的价值立场，去解决诉争利益，是非判断的终极目标，直觉意义上的公平正义往往是起点，引起我们对于裁判进行更为深层的思考和追问，倘若裁判结果明显为全社会的公认观念不能接受，或者按照一般社会观念衡量是明显脱离实际的，我们就需要矫正这样的裁判结果，或者改变法律的适用方向，人们不自然并且处处提防，要让他们从容地进行日常交往，法律的边界必须与他们关于是非的合理感受相符合，这就是要求裁判者适用社会规范去划分合理诉求的边界，一套合理法律体系的首要要求就是裁判必须与社会的真实感受与需求相吻合。制度和思维的摩擦，涉及法思想方面的政策选择问题，也涉及法技术方面的理论和实践问题。更加强烈地折射出在民权承诉和保护这个问题上的相互摩擦碰撞。本案中的优惠价购房指标，在法律概念上是模糊的，失去了准确性，而现行需要建立的规则还没建立起来，形成根深蒂固的裁判障碍，这些问题必须解决，怎么处置这个购房指标问题，从法的价值观向和公平公正的理念出发，原被告交换指标的行为，理应受到法律的承认和保护。
中华人民共和国律师暂行条例(附英文)
全国人民代表大会常务委员会
中华人民共和国律师暂行条例(附英文)
全国人大常委会
（一九八0年八月二十六日第五届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十五次会议通议）
目 录
第一章 律师的任务和权利
第二章 律师资格
第三章 律师的工作机构
第四章 附则
第一章 律师的任务和权利
第一条 律师是国家的法律工作者，其任务是对国家机关、企业事业单位、社会团体、人民公社和公民提供法律帮助，以维护法律的正确实施，维护国家、集体的利益和公民的合法权益。
第二条 律师的主要业务如下：
（一）接受国家机关、企业事业单位、社会团体、人民公社的聘请，担任法律顾问。
（二）接受民事案件当事人的委托，担任代理人参加诉讼。
（三）接受刑事案件被告人的委托或者人民法院的指定，担任辩护人；接受自诉案件自诉人、公诉案件被害人及其近亲属的委托，担任代理人，参加诉讼。
（四）接受非诉讼事件当事人的委托，提供法律帮助，或者担任代理人，参加调解、仲裁活动。
（五）解答关于法律的询问，代写诉讼文书和其它有关法律事务的文书。
律师应当通过全部业务活动，宣传社会主义法制。
第三条 律师进行业务活动，必须以事实为根据，以法律为准绳，忠实于社会主义事业和人民的利益。
律师依法执行职务，受国家法律保护，任何单位、个人不得干涉。
第四条 律师担任法律顾问的责任，是为聘请单位就业务上的法律问题提供意见，草拟、审查法律事务文书，代理参加诉讼、调解或者仲裁活动，维护聘请单位的合法权益。
第五条 律师担任诉讼和非诉讼事件代理人的责任，是在所受委托的权限内，维护委托人的合法权益。
律师在代理权限内的诉讼行为和法律行为，与委托人自己的诉讼行为和法律行为有同等效力。
第六条 律师担任刑事辩护人的责任，是根据事实和法律，维护被告人的合法权益。
律师认为被告人没有如实陈述案情，有权拒绝担任辩护人。
第七条 律师参加诉讼活动，有权依照有关规定，查阅本案材料，向有关单位、个人调查。律师担任刑事辩护人时，可以同在押的被告人会见和通信。
律师进行前款所列活动，有关单位、个人有责任给予支持。
律师对于在业务活动中接触的国家机密和个人阴私，有保守秘密的责任。
第二章 律师资格
第八条 热爱中华人民共和国，拥护社会主义制度，有选举权和被选举权的下列公民，经考核合格，可以取得律师资格，担任律师：
（一）在高等院校法律专业毕业，并且做过两年以上司法工作、法律教学工作或者法学研究工作的；
（二）受过法律专业训练，并且担任过人民法院审判、人民检察院检察员的；
（三）受过高等教育，做过三年以上经济、科技等工作，熟悉本专业以及与本专业有关的法律、法令，并且经过法律专业训练，适合从事律师工作的；
（四）其他具有本条第（一）项或第（二）项所列人员的法律业务水平，并具有高等学校文化水平，适合从事律师工作的。
第九条 取得律师资格，须经省、自治区、直辖市司法厅（局）考核批准，发给律师证书，并报中华人民共和国司法部备案。司法部发现审批不当的，应当通知司法厅（局）重新审查。
第十条 取得律师资格的人员不能脱离本职的，可以担任兼职律师。兼职律师所在单位应当给予支持。
人民法院、人民检察院、人民公安机关的现职人员不得兼做律师工作。
第十一条 高等院校法律专业毕业生或者经过法律专业训练的人员，经省、自治区、直辖市司法厅（局）考核批准，可以担任实习律师。
实习律师的实习期为两年。实习期满，依照本条例第九条规定的程序，授予律师资格；考核不合格的，可以延长其实习期。
第十二条 律师严重不称职的，得经省、自治区、直辖市司法厅（局）决定，报司法部批准，取消其律师资格。
第三章 律师的工作机构
第十三条 律师执行职务的工作机构是法律顾问处。
法律顾问处是事业单位。受国家司法行政机关的组织领导和业务监督。
第十四条 法律顾问处按县、市、市辖区设立。必要时，经司法部批准，可以设立专业性的法律顾问处。
法律顾问处之间没有隶属关系。
第十五条 法律顾问处的主要任务，是领导律师开展业务工作，组织律师学习政治和法律业务知识，总结、交流律师的工作经验。
第十六条 法律顾问处设主任一人，根据需要，可以设副主任。主任、副主任均由本处律师选举产生，报经省、自治区、直辖市司法厅（局）批准，任期为三年，连选得连任。
法律顾问处主任、副主任领导法律顾问处的工作，并且必须执行律师职务。
第十七条 律师承办业务，由法律顾问处统一接受委托，并且统一收费。
法律顾问处给律师分配任务，应当根据实际条件尽量满足委托人的指名要求。
第十八条 法律顾问处可以指派律师到外地进行业务活动，当地法律顾问处应当给予帮助。
第十九条 为维护律师的合法权益，交流工作经验，促进律师工作的开展，增进国内外法律工作者的联系，建立律师协会。
律师协会是社会团体。组织章程由律师协会制订。
第四章 附 则
第二十条 律师职称标准、律师奖惩规定和律师收费办法，由司法部另行制订。
第二十一条 本条例自一九八二年一月一日起施行。
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON LAWYERS
(Adopted at the 15th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Fifth National People's Congress and promulgated by Order No. 5 of the
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on August 26, 1980,
and effective as of January 1, 1982)
Contents
Chapter I The Task and Rights of Lawyers
Chapter II The Qualifications of Lawyers
Chapter III Business Organizations of Lawyers
Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I The Task and Rights of Lawyers
Article 1
Lawyers are state legal workers whose task is to give legal assistance to
state organs, enterprises and institutions, public organizations, people's
communes and citizens in order to ensure the correct implementation of the
law and protect the interests of the state and collectives as well as the
lawful rights and interests of citizens.
Article 2
The principal duties of lawyers shall be:
(1) to accept the mandate of state organs, enterprises and institutions,
public organizations and people's communes to serve as their legal
advisers;
(2) to accept the mandate of a party to a civil action to serve as his
representative in litigation;
(3) to accept the mandate of a defendant or the assignment of a people's
court to serve as his defender in a criminal case; to accept the mandate
of a private prosecutor or of the victim and his near relatives in a
public prosecution to serve as their representative in litigation;
(4) to accept the mandate of a party in a nonlitigious matter to give
legal assistance or serve as its representative in mediation or
arbitration;
(5) to give consultative advice on legal questions and draft documents in
connection with litigation or other legal matters.
Lawyers shall publicize the socialist legal system through all their
professional activities.
Article 3
In performing their duties, lawyers shall serve the cause of socialism and
the interests of the people, act on the basis of facts and take the law as
the criterion. In the performance of their functions according to law,
lawyers shall be protected by the law of the state, subject to no
interference by any organization or individual.
Article 4
When being retained by an organization as its legal adviser, a lawyer
shall have the responsibility to give advice on legal questions arising
from the client organization, draft and examine legal documents for it,
represent it in litigation, mediation or arbitration, and safeguard its
lawful rights and interests.
Article 5
When acting as representatives in litigation and nonlitigious matters,
lawyers shall have the responsibility to safeguard the lawful rights and
interests of the client within the scope of the mandate.
Within the scope of the mandate, the lawyer's procedural and legal acts
shall have the same effect as those of the client.
Article 6
When acting as defenders in criminal cases, lawyers shall have the
responsibility to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the
defendants on the basis of facts and the law. A lawyer may refuse to act
as the defender of a defendant if he believes that the defendant has not
truthfully stated the facts of the case to him.
Article 7
In legal proceedings, lawyers shall have the right, to consult the
materials of the case and may make enquiries from organizations and
persons concerned in accordance with relevant regulations. When acting as
defenders in criminal cases, lawyers may meet and correspond with the
defendants held in custody.
The organizations and persons concerned shall have the duty to render
assistance to the lawyers engaged in the activities mentioned in the
preceding paragraph. Lawyers shall have the responsibility to keep
confidential state secrets and matters of personal privacy which they come
into contact with in their work.
Chapter II The Qualifications of Lawyers
Article 8
The undermentioned citizens who cherish the People's Republic of China,
support the socialist system and have the right to vote and stand for
election shall be eligible as lawyers after passing an examination:
(1) those who have graduated from law faculties of universities or
colleges and have been engaged for two or more years in judicial work,
legal instruction or jurisprudential studies;
(2) those who have had professional legal training and have worked as
judges in people's court or as procurators in people's procuratorates;
(3) those who have received college education, have completed three or
more years of economic, scientific and technological work, are proficient
in their professions and the relevant laws and decrees thereof, and have
gone through professional legal training and who are fit for the work of a
lawyer; and
(4) those who have attained the same level of knowledge of practical legal
work as is required of persons prescribed in Items (1) and (2) above and
the same level of learning as is given by college education and who are
fit for the work of a lawyer.
Article 9
To be eligible as a lawyer, a person must be examined and approved by the
judicial department (bureau) of a province, autonomous region, or
municipality directly under the Central Government and issued a lawyer's
certificate, and a report shall be made to the Ministry of Justice of the
People's Republic of China for the record. Upon discovery of an improper
examination and approval, the Ministry of Justice shall instruct the
relevant judicial department (bureau) to conduct a reexamination.
Article 10
Those who are eligible as lawyers but are unable to leave their present
positions to practise law may act as part-time lawyers. The current
organizations in which they are working shall support such arrangements.
Personnel presently attached to the people's courts, people's
procuratorates and people's public security organs may not act as part-
time lawyers.
Article 11
Those who have graduated from law faculties of universities or colleges or
have gone through professional legal training may act as apprentice
lawyers after examination and approval by the judicial departments
(bureaus) of provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly
under the Central Government.
The training period for apprentice lawyers shall be two years. Upon
completion of the training period, apprentice lawyers shall be given
lawyers credentials in accordance with the procedure prescribed in Article
9 of these Regulations; the training period may be extended if an
apprentice lawyer fails to pass the examination.
Article 12
Lawyers who are incompetent shall be disqualified as lawyers by decision
of the judicial departments (bureaus) of provinces, autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government and with the approval
of the Ministry of Justice.
Chapter III Business Organizations of Lawyers
Article 13
Legal advisory offices shall be the business organizations from which
lawyers perform their duties.
Legal advisory offices shall be public institutions under the
organizational leadership and professional supervision of the judicial
administrative organs of the state.
Article 14
Legal advisory offices shall be established in counties, cities and
municipal districts. When necessary, specialized legal advisory offices
may be established with the approval of the Ministry of Justice.
Legal advisory offices shall not be subordinate to one another.
Article 15
The principal functions of a legal advisory office shall be to direct
lawyers in the development of their professional work, to organize their
political studies and professional studies in law and to sum up and
exchange their work experience.
Article 16
A legal advisory office shall have one director and may have deputy
directors where necessary. The director and deputy directors shall be
elected by the lawyers in that office, subject to approval by the judicial
department (bureau) of a province, autonomous region, or municipality
directly under the Central Government. They shall be elected for a term of
three years and may be re-elected to successive terms in office. The
director and deputy director(s) of a legal advisory office shall direct
the work of the office and at the same time perform their duties as
lawyers.
Article 17
The mandates for lawyers to handle cases shall be accepted and service
fees collected exclusively by the legal advisory office.
In the distribution of cases to lawyers, the legal advisory office shall,
as best as possible and according to actual conditions, assign lawyers as
requested by clients.
Article 18
A legal advisory office may appoint lawyers to carry out professional
activities in other localities, and the legal advisory office there shall
provide them with assistance.
Article 19
A lawyers association shall be established to protect the lawful rights
and interests of lawyers, to exchange work experience, to further the
progress of lawyers work and to promote contacts between legal workers
both at home and abroad.
The lawyers association is a social organization. It shall formulate its
own articles of association.
Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions
Article 20
The standards for the title of lawyer, the regulations on awards and
penalties for lawyers and the measures for the collection of service fees
shall be stipulated separately by the Ministry of Justice.
Article 21
These Regulations shall go into effect on January 1, 1982.
1980年8月26日
